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Curriculum Development: Macro-, Meso-, Micro Curriculum

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Title: Curriculum Development: Macro-, Meso-, Micro Curriculum


1
Curriculum DevelopmentMacro-, Meso-, Micro
Curriculum
2
Macrocurriculum
  • It is composed of the socio-cultural system and
    the educational system, educational policies and
    curriculum policies.
  • Macrocurriculum also includes activities outside
    of the classroom, e.g. extracurricular, community
    involvement, etc.

3
Mesocurriculum
  • Institutional context
  • Organizing context in the curriculum
    configuration
  • Institutional approaches and curriculum
    orientation
  • Organizing structures

4
Microcurriculum
  • Comprises the development and operation of
    classroom-based activities
  • It is the specific realm of the classroom and the
    teacher-student interaction.

5
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
  • i. Nature of curriculum, elements of curriculum,
    theories of curriculum development, factors
    influencing curriculum development.
  • ii. Curriculum development process Determining
    aims and objectives of curriculum, selection of
    learning experiences, selection of content,
    organization and integration of experiences and
    content, and evaluation of curriculum outcome.
  • iii. Current trends in curriculum organization
    and development.

6
Determining the Rationale and Learning Goals of
the Curriculum
  • Begin by analyzing the needs or problems that
    prompted the decision to develop a new or revised
    curriculum (Tyler, 1975).
  • Identify goals which reflect the theory and
    philosophy of the curriculum.
  • It is also important to make a connection between
    the goals and the targeted group of participants
    (Wulf Schave, 1984).
  • Clear, appropriate, realistic goals are
    important, as they will define the curriculum and
    allow for effective assessment of its success.

7
Matching Content to the Rationale andLearning
Goals
  • Two things are important to remember
  • not everything can be taught in one curriculum,
  • one can often accomplish more (in depth) by
    attempting to cover less (in breadth) (Posner
    Rudnitsky, 1982).
  • While keeping your rationale and primary learning
    goals clearly in mind, identify those learning
    outcomes that are of highest priority from the
    list of possible learning outcomes.
  • Develop a tentative outline for the learning
    experiences which contains the major ideas,
    components or topics of the subject which you are
    planning.

8
Organizing the Experiences
  • There are three levels of organization to be
  • planned
  • the grouping of units, or individual learning
    experiences,
  • The sequencing of groups, and
  • The sequencing of units within groups (Posner
    Rudnitsky, 1982).

9
Organizing the Experiences (Cont.)
  • Consider alternative ways of organizing the
    materials, as each organization can result in
    distinct kinds of learning being achieved (Posner
    Rudnitsky, 1982).
  • Recommend a learning environment, including the
    physical, social and psychological environment,
    as these can have a profound effect on the
    learning experiences (Wulf Schave, 1984).

10
Organizing the Experiences (Microcurriculum)
  • Examine the curriculum as a whole, looking for
    balance in the activities and content included.
  • Eliminate redundancies, fill gaps, check for
    consistency, and make necessary revisions (Posner
    Rudnitsky, 1982).

11
Creating Lessons and Materials(Microcurriculum)
  • Now that the overall curriculum has been
    organized, the individual learning experiences,
    or units, must be developed.
  • A curriculum may have one or many units,
    depending on the length and structure of the
    materials.

12
Creating Lessons and Materials (Microcurriculum)
  • For each unit, an instructional focus should be
    determined, considering the following
  • desired audience perception (e.g., fun or
    challenging), desired emotional climate (e.g.,
    competitive or cooperative),
  • desired energy level (Posner Rudnitsky, 1982).
  • The instructional goals for the experience should
    be derived from the goals of the unit and the
    overall curriculum (Wulf Schave, 1984).

13
Creating Lessons and Materials (Cont.)
  • An instructional plan should be developed which
    describes
  • (a) the intent of each unit,
  • (b) the learning outcomes for each unit, and
  • (c) potential teaching strategies for each unit
  • (Posner Rudnitsky, 1982).
  • This will involve creating the actual lessons and
    material to be used.

14
Creating Lessons and Materials (Cont.)
  • Plan how to deliver experiential learning
    opportunities that incorporate the desired skill
    practice and content information
  • Ensure that subject matter is shaped and
    processed in such a way that the required skills
    are developed through a variety of activities
    that are based on the learning / programme
    outcomes.

15
Creating Lessons and Materials (Cont.)
  • Remember that different students learn in
    different ways.
  • Some methods/approaches are more appropriate than
    others, and some are more effective than others
    (Bondi Bondi, 1989).
  • Also remember that the climate of the program
    (i.e., the social context) can enhance or
    diminish the effectiveness of the lessons
    (Resnick, 1975).

16
Creating Lessons and Materials (Cont.)
  • It is often necessary to create flexible
    curricula which offer a variety of experiences to
    accommodate the diversity of the targeted
    audience.
  • It is important to consider alternative delivery
    methods, beyond those traditionally used in
    education.
  • Approaches that have high group member
    involvement while facilitating meaningful
    learning experiences are imperative.
  • Experiential Learning Model has proven effective
    in providing meaningful, hands-on learning
    opportunities.

17
Evaluation During CurriculumDevelopment
  • It is important to be accountable for resources
    expended by documenting program impact and
    participation.
  • Evaluation, the key to obtaining this
    information, is integral at every step of the
    curriculum development process.
  • Feedback about the curriculum must be gathered
    throughout the design and implementation phases,
    as well as after the program is complete.

18
Evaluation During CurriculumDevelopment (Cont.)
  • Planning a meaningful evaluation will depend on
    the nature of the proposed learning activities
    (Wulf Schave, 1984).
  • The source of the data will also depend on the
    purpose and nature of the information gathered.
  • Numerous subcategories of evaluation activity
    have been identified over the years. These
    include Formative Summative evaluation.
  • The CIPP Model is a comprehensive framework for
    guiding formative and summative evaluations of
    projects, programs, personnel, products,
    institutions, and systems.

19
Formative Evaluation
  • Include any evaluation activities geared to the
    development or improvement of a curriculum.
  • The information may be used for making decisions
    during the development of a new curriculum or for
    improving existing curricula (Posner Rudnitsky,
    1982 Wulf Schave, 1984).
  • Is generally of most interest to a programs
    staff or members of the curriculum development
    team who want to maximize its effectiveness and
    usefulness.

20
Summative Evaluation
  • As evaluation is conducted at the completion of a
    curriculum, after the final modifications have
    been made.
  • Information may be collected about both processes
    and outcomes.
  • Decisions such as whether to continue using a
    curriculum, whether to disseminate it to other
    sites, and whether to continue its funding may be
    determined from a summative evaluation (Stevens,
    Lawrenz, Sharp, 1993).
  • This type of evaluation is generally of most
    interest to potential users of a program or
    curriculum, who wish to choose the most effective
    existing product to suit their needs.

21
Implementation Evaluation
  • An implementation evaluation assesses whether the
    curriculum is being conducted as planned.
  • It is designed to answer all types of delivery
    questions.
  • This type of assessment should occur several
    times during the life of the curriculum
    development process.

22
Outcome Evaluation
  • An outcome evaluation assesses the effect that
    the curriculum has had on the participants.
  • Determine which types of outcomes you are
    interested in measuring Are you most interested
    in knowledge, attitudes, skills, aspirations, or
    some combination (Hendricks, 1996)?
  • The evaluation plan should describe the
    indicators to be used for the identified learning
    objectives (Posner Rudnitsky, 1982).

23
Outcome Evaluation (Cont.)
  • N.B Evaluation is more than just collecting
    information.
  • The information collected must be organized,
    analyzed, and presented in a way that permits
    people to understand it and apply it to decision
    making activities.
  • Evaluation may be either quantitative or
    qualitative.
  • An evaluation plan must be established for all
    phases of the development process.

24
Outcome Evaluation (Cont.)
  • By incorporating all of these considerations into
    your curriculum development plan, you will be
    able to develop a good curriculum that meets the
    previously mentioned criteria
  • (a) It is designed to provide rich and varied
    experiences for a wide diversity of students
  • (b) It is organized and flexible, so that it can
    be adapted to meet the educational objectives of
    the organization
  • (c) It uses appropriate resources to meet the
    needs and interests of the learners
  • (d) It includes appropriate teaching learning
    strategies to carry out the identified learning
    objectives (Bondi Bondi, 1989).

25
References
  • Bondi, J., Bondi, J. (1989). Curriculum
    development A guide to practice (3rd Edition).
    Columbus, OH Merrill Publishing Company.
  • Posner, G.J., Rudnitsky, A.N. (1982). Course
    design A guide to curriculum development for
    teachers (2nd Edition). NY, NY Longman.
  • Resnick, L.B. (1975). The science and art of
    curriculum design. In J. Schaffarzick D.H.
    Hampson (Eds.) Strategies for curriculum
    development (pp. 35-68). Berkeley, CA McCutchan
    Publishing Corporation.

26
References (Cont.)
  • Stevens, F., Lawrenz, F., Sharp, L. (1993).
    User- friendly handbook for project evaluation
    Science, mathematics, engineering and technology
    education (NSF 93-152). Arlington, VA National
    Science Foundation.
  • Tyler, R. (1975). Specific approaches to
    curriculum development. In J. Schaffarzick D.H.
    Hampson (Eds.) Strategies for curriculum
    development (pp. 17-33). Berkeley, CA McCutchan
    Publishing Corporation.
  • Wulf, K.M., Schave, B. (1984). Course design A
    handbook for educators. Glenview, IL Scott,
    Foresman and Company.
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