Who is Viktor Orban, Hungarian PM with 14-year grip on power?

No serving leader in the European Union has led their country for as long as Viktor Orban.

Since 2010, he has transformed Hungary into what the European Parliament has denounced as a "hybrid regime of electoral autocracy". He appears uncertain how to describe his own invention, trying both "illiberal democracy" and "Christian liberty".

Either way, he has learned to maintain and constantly strengthen his grip on power, but has found himself at the centre of the most difficult moment of his 14 years at the top.

Two close allies, the president and former justice minister, resigned over a pardon given to a man in a paedophile case.

He has repeatedly clashed with European Union colleagues on migration and the war in Ukraine.

Hungary also finds itself the only Nato member country not to have approved Swedish membership, even though its prime minister claims to be in favour.

Andras Kosa entitled his biography of Viktor Orban, Man of Chaos, suggesting he has a way of presenting himself as the only solution to a mess created by others.

When toxic red sludge from a bauxite mine engulfed a Hungarian valley and threatened the Danube shore in 2010, he rolled up his sleeves and stacked sandbags alongside firemen and volunteers.

After 14 years of uninterrupted rule, Viktor Orban's personal charisma is an unquestionable ingredient of his success, alongside an ability to "think on the ball", as his ex-football trainer once remarked.

Former political adviser George Birnbaum remembers "a very intellectually smart individual" with a "well educated, intellectually deep knowledge of things, which is very rare," he told the BBC.

Viktor Orban first made his mark on Hungary in the late 1980s, as the Soviet Union began to fall apart, setting up a political movement called Fidesz, or Alliance of Young Democrats.

He was still a law student at Bibo College in the capital, Budapest, when in 1989 he delivered an audacious, seven-minute speech calling on the Soviet Red Army to go home.

"If we believe in our own power, we are able to finish the communist dictatorship," he declared to an estimated quarter of a million Hungarians gathered in the city's Heroes' Square for the reburial of the man behind Hungary's failed uprising in 1956, Imre Nagy.

Reflecting on his words 10 years later, he said he had "exposed everyone's silent desire for free elections, and an independent and democratic Hungary".

But the democracy that replaced authoritarian rule has changed dramatically in recent years, with widespread complaints of backsliding.

Veteran Hungarian-born journalist Paul Lendvai sees a staggering reversal in Viktor Orban - "from one of the most promising defenders of Hungarian democracy into the chief author of its demise".

Prof Andras Bozoki, a former culture minister, describes Hungary since 2010 as being "the only one former consolidated liberal democracy in the EU that has reached the level of a non-democratic system as a hybrid regime, external".

For a Central European leader whose political infancy was rooted in the fall of Russia's hegemony, it seems odd he has become the closest ally in the EU of a Russian president who views the Soviet collapse as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe" of the 20th Century, and one who began the biggest war on European soil since World War Two.

Viktor Orban was born in 1963 an hour to the west of Budapest, the eldest of three sons whose father was an agricultural engineer and Communist Party member and whose mother was a special needs teacher.

They had no running water at the family home in Felcsut, a village of fewer than 2,000 people where he still owns a house.

In an 1989 interview, he recalls being beaten twice a year by his father, Gyozo, whom he describes as a violent man: "When he beat me, he also shouted. I remember all this as a bad experience."

Nothing about his childhood suggested that he would go on to challenge the communist regime. He attended a grammar school and was involved in the Young Communist League.

His main interest was football, playing for his local club, FC Felcsut, and he remains highly enthusiastic about his childhood sport. Ten years ago, he inaugurated a controversial new stadium there called the Pancho Arena, where top-flight team Puskas Akademia play to audiences of a few hundred.

In the months before he went to university, he carried out his military service, where he says he turned down an approach from the communist secret services to become an informer.

He was 23 when he married fellow student Aniko Levai, whom he met at university. They have five children, four daughters and a son, Gaspar, who was trained by the British Army at Sandhurst and serves as an officer in the Hungarian army in Chad.

After his 1989 speech to a large crowd in Heroes' Square, he went on to study liberal political philosophy briefly at Oxford. His scholarship was funded by Hungarian-born billionaire philanthropist George Soros, a benefactor he would turn against years later.

Within months he had abandoned his studies early to campaign in 1990 elections, when Fidesz won 22 seats, with Viktor Orban top of the party list.

Friends from his student days became key members of Fidesz, and his college director Istvan Stumpf went on to take up the role of his chief of staff during the first Orban premiership from 1998-2002.

As a young MP, Viktor Orban and his party joined the global Liberal International movement in 1992.

Political scientist Zoltan Lakner believes Viktor Orban shifted ideology during the second half of the 1990s. As Hungary was governed by a liberal-socialist coalition, he realised "to gain political success he had to turn his back on liberalism, external and transform his party into a nationalist, anti-liberal political force".

Perhaps the seeds of his reversal were already sown at Oxford. In his few months at Pembroke College, he befriended the conservative philosopher Roger Scruton.

Or perhaps it was more political opportunism.

Viktor Orban became Fidesz leader in 1993, and was already pushing it to the centre right by the time the conservative MDF lost power in 1994. Fidesz filled the gap left by the weakened conservatives.

Peter Rona, an Oxford-based economist and former candidate for president of Hungary, describes a meeting with Viktor Orban in the early 1990s, at which Mr Orban said he wanted to create a "modern Conservative party".

When Peter Rona warned him that earlier politicians who had attempted the same thing had quickly dropped the "modern" when circumstances demanded, Viktor Orban replied: "Then so be it."

In 1998, Viktor Orban led Fidesz to election victory, and at 35 became Europe's youngest prime minister, taking Hungary into Nato in 1999.

He then suffered two defeats at the ballot box, in 2002 and 2006, and on both occasions the Fidesz leader learned his lessons.

The defeat in 2002 changed him. "The nation cannot be defeated," he told his supporters, as he tried to digest what had just happened.

Back in 1993, he had led his MPs out of parliament when the then Foreign Minister, Geza Jeszenszky, suggested that his Hungarian Democratic Forum party had a unique claim to representing the nation.

After 2002, Viktor Orban befriended Arpad Habony, a martial arts instructor and businessman, as his personal guru. Habony remains a trusted ally and component in the business empire which underpins Fidesz, but is rarely spotted in public.

Orban was swept back into office in the turbulence of the global economic crisis in 2010 and has not lost since.

In the past 14 years, he has transformed Hungary with a host of changes to its laws and constitution, winning four consecutive elections with four straight "super-majorities", controlling two-thirds of parliament.

Sandor Csintalan, both a former ally and critic of Viktor Orban, speaks of "a constant need to radicalise himself", which places him apart from other European conservatives.

In 2013 political consultants George Birnbaum and Arthur Finkelstein, gave him the idea of creating George Soros as an enemy.

"Soros was a good target," Birnbaum explained, "because enough people in Hungary didn't like the idea of this billionaire… like the Wizard of Oz, controlling politics and policy, from behind the curtain".

Viktor Orban accused George Soros's civil society groups of "trying secretly and with foreign money to influence Hungarian politics", and the Soros-founded Central European University, set up in 1991 as Hungary embraced democracy, was forced to move most of its activity to Vienna in 2019.

Orban critics find the idea of George Soros controlling "politics and policy" ridiculous.

Mr Soros is Jewish, and posters mocking the financier have been compared to depictions of "the laughing Jew" used in Nazi propaganda.

The Hungarian leader has used his friendship with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and his support for Israel, to dismiss accusations of antisemitism.

Read Nick Thorpe on: The man who helped Orban and Netanyahu rise to power

Since 2010, Fidesz and its supporters have gradually taken control of Hungary's media landscape, replacing foreign investors, says Hungarian media monitor Mertek.

In 2018, almost all "Orban-friendly media" transferred ownership rights, external to a foundation called Kesma, whose board was made up of Fidesz MPs and the head of a Fidesz-friendly think tank, according to Mertek.

A leaked recording ahead of European elections in 2019, external revealed how a senior editor at broadcaster MTVA instructed those in charge to follow "the appropriate narrative, method, and direction, mostly about migrants and Brussels".

Migration, the EU and more recently the war in Ukraine have become bread and butter issues for Viktor Orban.

In July 2015, as refugees and irregular migrants entered the EU over Hungary's borders in increasing numbers, he drew a "clear link between illegal immigrants coming to Europe and the spread of terrorism".

The solution was clear, he said: "We would like to keep Europe for Europeans... also we want... to preserve Hungary for Hungarians."

Read Nick Thorpe on: The man who thinks Europe has been invaded

A fence was built on the Serbian border and new laws were introduced criminalising migrants. A "Stop Soros" law in 2018 criminalised those who helped irregular migrants.

The EU's top court ruled Budapest had failed to fulfil its obligations under EU law. It was one of many rulings against Hungary, culminating in a decision that allowed EU funding for Budapest to be suspended for breaking EU laws.

The European Parliament has accused Hungary of backsliding on the rule of law, corruption and LGBT rights.

Viktor Orban argues that the EU is going in the wrong direction on Ukraine, because he believes Kyiv can never win the war. Pragmatic he may be, but he is closer to Russia's president than any other EU leader.

Read Nick Thorpe on: What has Hungary's Orban got against Ukraine?

Viktor Orban is often cast as a solitary figure at EU summits.

But he is not without allies, and with European elections in June he believes change may be on the way, and on his terms.