Home
Regional Climate Indicators Africa Asia South America North America, Central America and the Caribbean Southwest Pacific Europe Arab League

Europe

Annual Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 6 Europe (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

WMO RA VI Europe

Annual Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 6 Europe (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Figure shows the trends for four sub-periods (1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2023. Coloured bars show the mean trend for each region and the black vertical lines indicate the range of different estimates.

Continental trends

Figure shows the trends for four sub-periods (1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2023. Coloured bars show the mean trend for each region and the black vertical lines indicate the range of different estimates.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Near surface temperature anomaly (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Temperature anomaly map Europe

Annual Near surface temperature anomaly (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Near surface temperature uncertainty (°C) for 2023. Data shown are the half-range of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map Europe

Annual Near surface temperature uncertainty (°C) for 2023. Data shown are the half-range of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Monthly 12-month Precipitation Quantile anomaly (quantile, difference from the 1991-2010 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following one data sets: GPCC.

Precipitation percentile map Europe

Monthly 12-month Precipitation Quantile anomaly (quantile, difference from the 1991-2010 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following one data sets: GPCC.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2023 was ranked the 1st warmest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.57°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.55-0.60°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.09°C (1.05-1.12°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 6 Europe

The year 2023 was ranked between the 1st and 2nd highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.95°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.84-1.03°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.99°C (1.87-2.10°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Dataset and processing details

WMO RA VI Europe

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_VI_Europe_data_files.zip
Checksum: f62f124960d55526fa422a548a806148
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:37']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:32)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:32']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:55']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:41']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:37']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:00']

Continental trends

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Continental_trends_data_files.zip
Checksum: 26f7a84cdad495cef9fddbe52cddc379
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:25']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:29)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:29']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:48']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:29']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:33']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:09:48']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:27']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:29)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:29']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:49']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:31']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:34']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:09:50']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:30']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:30)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:30']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:51']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:34']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:35']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:09:53']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:32']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:31)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:31']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:52']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:36']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:35']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:09:55']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:35']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:31)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:31']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:53']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:38']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:36']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:09:57']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:05:37']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:32)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:32']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:55']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:41']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:37']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:00']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] at ['2024-01-17 10:10:45']
  • Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-05 08:43:31)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['ts_1month_anomaly_Global_ERA5_2t_202312_1991-2020_v01.1.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/ftp-data/temperature/2023/12/ERA5_1991-2020/ts_1month_anomaly_Global_ERA5_2t_202312_1991-2020_v01.1.csv'] at ['2024-01-05 08:43:31']
  • Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-06 11:31:29 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2024-01-06 11:31:29']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2023-11-23 15:26:03 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2023, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.1.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.0.1.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.1.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.1.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2023-11-23 15:26:03', '2023-11-23 15:26:03']
  • Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['JRA-55_tmp2m_global_ts_Clim8110.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-05 11:44:00']
  • Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

Kadow et al.

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kadow, C., Hall, D.M. & Ulbrich, U. Artificial intelligence reconstructs missing climate information. Nat. Geosci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0582-5.

Data citation: Naoto Inoue, Stephan Seitz, johannes.meuer, & Christopher Kadow. (2022). FREVA-CLINT/climatereconstructionAI: v1.0.2 (v1.0.2). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6475858

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['HadCRUT5.anomalies.Kadow_et_al_2020_20crAI-infilled.ensemble_mean_global_mean_185001-*.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 10:10:53']
  • Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:10:51].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.202312.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.202312.asc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:10:51']

Temperature anomaly map Europe

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_Europe_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map Europe

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_Europe_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Precipitation percentile map Europe

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Precipitation_percentile_map_Europe_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

GPCC

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/GPCC_Quantile/Last12Month/gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz']
  • Selected single month 12/2023

Page created on 2024-02-08 using climind v1.0