Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton April 9, 2020

(Non)finiteness, constructions and participles in Lithuanian

  • Peter M. Arkadiev EMAIL logo
From the journal Linguistics

Abstract

This article offers an analysis of the morphosyntactic properties of Lithuanian participles in terms of the criteria of “canonical” finiteness proposed by (Nikolaeva, Irina. 2013. Unpacking finiteness. In Dunstan Brown, Marina Chumakina & Greville G. Corbett (eds.), Canonical morphology and syntax, 99–122. Oxford: Oxford University Press.). It is shown that in their different uses, i. e., as heads of two types of evidential clauses, as predicates in complement, adverbial and attributive clauses and as lexical verbs in periphrastic constructions, Lithuanian participles show considerably different combinations of finite and nonfinite characteristics and hence cannot be unequivocally treated as nonfinite. It is argued that it is the individual constructions where the participles occur that determine their morphosyntactic features and that the very notion of (non)finiteness is composite and largely derivative.

Abbreviations

1

1st person

2

2nd person

3

3rd person

acc

Accusative

all

Allative

aux

Auxiliary verb

cnt

Continuative

cvb

Converb

comp

Comparative

dat

Dative

def

Definite

dem

Demonstrative

df

Default agreement form

f

Feminine

fut

Future

gen

Genitive

hab

Habitual

imp

Imperative

inan

Inanimate

inf

Infinitive

ins

Instrumental

intf

Intensifier

irr

Irrealis

loc

Locative

m

Masculine

neg

Negation

nom

Nominative

pa

Active participle

pl

Plural

pp

Passive participle

prs

Present

prv

Preverb

pst

Past

q

Question particle

rfl

Reflexive

rposs

Reflexive possessive

sg

Singular

sprl

Superlative

Acknowledgements

I thank all my Lithuanian consultants and all those who helped me in the course of my research stays in Vilnius in 2008–2013, especially Axel Holvoet. Preliminary versions of this paper have been presented at the 1st conference “Problems of Language: Young Researchers’ Perspective” (Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 2012), at the 47th Annual meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (Poznań, 2014), at the Linguistics Department of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig (2014), and at the international workshop “New Approaches to the Baltic Verb” (Vilnius University, 2018). I thank all participants of these events, especially Martin Haspelmath and Nicole Nau, for their useful feedback, as well as Ksenia Ershova, Ksenia Shagal, Sergejus Tarasovas, Björn Wiemer and four anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the preliminary versions of the text. All faults and shortcomings remain mine.

References

Adger, David. 2007. Three domains of finiteness: A minimalist perspective. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 23–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Yu. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Aleksandravičiūtė, Skaistė. 2013. The semantic effects of the subject genitive of negation in Lithuanian. Baltic Linguistics 4. 9–38.10.32798/bl.407Search in Google Scholar

Ambrazas, Vytautas. 1990. Sravnitel’nyj sintaksis pričastij baltijskix jazykov. [Comparative syntax of participles in Baltic languages]. Vilnius: Mokslas.Search in Google Scholar

Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.). 2006. Lithuanian grammar. Vilnius: Baltos Lankos.Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, Cori. 2015. Passivization and argument structure in Lithuanian. In Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau (eds.), Voice and argument structure in Baltic, 290–322. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/vargreb.2.06andSearch in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2010. Notes on the Lithuanian restrictive. Baltic Linguistics 1. 9–49.10.32798/bl.434Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2011. On the aspectual uses of the prefix be- in Lithuanian. Baltic Linguistics 2. 37–78.10.32798/bl.426Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2012a. Stems in Lithuanian verbal inflection (with remarks on derivation). Word Structure 5(1). 7–27.10.3366/word.2012.0017Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2012b. Participial complementation in Lithuanian. In Volker Gast & Holger Diessel (eds.), Clause linkage in cross-linguistic perspective: Data-driven approaches to cross-clausal syntax, 285–334. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110280692.285Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2013. Marking of subjects and objects in Lithuanian non-finite clauses: A typological and diachronic perspective. Linguistic Typology 17(3). 397–437.10.1515/lity-2013-0020Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2016. Long-distance genitive of negation in Lithuanian. In Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau (eds.), Argument realization in Baltic, 37–81. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/vargreb.3.01arkSearch in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2018. Predicative participle (non)agreement in Lithuanian: Implications for the theories of agreement and case. Unpublished Ms.Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter. 2019. The Lithuanian “buvo + be-present active participle” construction revisited: A corpus-based study. Baltic Linguistics 10. 65–108.10.32798/bl.361Search in Google Scholar

Arkadiev, Peter, Axel Holvoet & Björn Wiemer. 2015. Introduction: Baltic linguistics – state of the art. In Peter Arkadiev, Axel Holvoet & Björn Wiemer (eds.), Contemporary approaches to Baltic linguistics, 1–109. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110343953Search in Google Scholar

Aronoff, Mark. 1994. Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bisang, Walter. 2001. Finite vs. non-finite languages. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, vol. 2, 1400–1413. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110194265-037Search in Google Scholar

Bisang, Walter. 2007. Categories that make finiteness: discreetness from a functional perspective and some of its repercussions. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 115–137. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Dunstan, Marina Chumakina & Greville G. Corbett (eds.). 2013. Canonical morphology and syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604326.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Brugmann, Karl. 1892. Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der Indogermanischen Sprachen, II. Bd. Wortbildungslehre (Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre). 2 Hälfte. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.10.1515/9783112381281Search in Google Scholar

Corbett, Greville G. 2005. The canonical approach to typology. In Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Adam Hodges & David S. Rood (eds.), Linguistic diversity and language theories, 25–49. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.72.03corSearch in Google Scholar

Creissels, Denis. 2009. Participles and finiteness: The case of Akhvakh. Linguistic Discovery 7(1). 106–130.10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.334Search in Google Scholar

Cristofaro, Sonia. 2003. Subordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cristofaro, Sonia. 2007. Deconstructing categories: Finiteness in a functional-typological perspective. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 91–114. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Darden, Bill J. 2015[1992]. On the syntax of Lithuanian participles. In Bill J. Darden, Studies in phonological theory and historical linguistics, 263–286. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Search in Google Scholar

Dik, Simon & Kees Hengeveld. 1991. The hierarchical structure of the clause and the typology of perception-verb complements. Linguistics 29. 231–259.10.1515/ling.1991.29.2.231Search in Google Scholar

Dogil, Grzegorz. 1999. Baltic languages. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe, 877–896. Berlin & New-York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110197082.2.877Search in Google Scholar

Eide, Kristin Melum (ed.). 2016. Finiteness matters: On finiteness-related phenomena in natural languages. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.231Search in Google Scholar

Enghels, Renate. 2009. The syntactic position of the perceived participant as indicator of the internal structure of the Spanish and French infinitival complement. Linguistics 47(3). 759–791.10.1515/LING.2009.025Search in Google Scholar

Ershova, Ksenia. 2012. The Besleney masdar: Between a noun and a verb. Paper presented at Typology, Theory: Caucasus, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 29 November–1 December, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Geniušienė, Emma. 1976. Das Passiv des Litauischen und seine Verwendung. In Rudolf Ružička & Ronald Lötzsch (Hrsg.), Satzstruktur und Genus Verbi, 139–152. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Geniušienė, Emma. 2006. Passives in Lithuanian (in comparison with Russian). In Werner Abraham & Larisa Leisiö (eds.), Passivization and typology: Form and function, 29–61. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.68.05genSearch in Google Scholar

Geniušienė, Emma. 2014. Konverby v litovskom jazyke [Converbs in Lithuanian]. In Sergej Dmitrenko & Natalia Zaika (eds.), Studia typologica octogenario Victori Khrakovskii Samuelis filio dedicata (Acta Linguistica Petropolitana X/3), 156–179. Saint Petersburg: Nauka.Search in Google Scholar

Geniušienė, Emma. 2016. Passive constructions in Lithuanian: Selected works by Emma Geniušienė [edited by Anna Kibort & Nijolė Maskaliūnienė, transl. by Artūras Ratkus]. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Search in Google Scholar

Geniušienė, Emma & Vladimir P. Nedjalkov. 1988. Resultative, passive, and perfect in Lithuanian. In Vladimir P. Nedjalkov (ed.), Typology of resultative constructions, 369–386. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.12.27genSearch in Google Scholar

Givón, Talmy. 1980. The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language 4(3). 333–377.10.1075/sl.4.3.03givSearch in Google Scholar

Givón, Talmy. 2001. Syntax: An introduction, vol. 2, rev. edn. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/z.syn1Search in Google Scholar

Gliwa, Bernd. 2003. Nešinas, vedinas, tekinas. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 48. 19–34.Search in Google Scholar

Greenberg, Gerald R. & James E. Lavine. 2006. New syntax in Russian and Lithuanian: The case of the adverbial participle. In Robert Rothstein, Ernest Scatton & Charles Townsend (eds.), Studies in Slavic linguistics and folklore, 143–170. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Search in Google Scholar

Gronemeyer, Claire. 1997. Evidentiality in Lithuanian. Lund University Department of Linguistics Working Papers 46. 93–112.Search in Google Scholar

Gronemeyer, Claire & Aurelija Usonienė. 2001. Complementation in Lithuanian. In Claire Gronemeyer, Laying the boundaries of syntax: Studies in the interfaces between syntax, semantics and lexicon, 105–135. Lund: Lund University.Search in Google Scholar

Holvoet, Axel. 2001. On the paradigm of the oblique mood in Lithuanian and Latvian. Linguistica Baltica 9. 69–86.Search in Google Scholar

Holvoet, Axel. 2007. Mood and modality in Baltic. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.Search in Google Scholar

Holvoet, Axel. 2013. Obliqueness, quasi-subjects and transitivity in Baltic and Slavonic. In Ilja Seržant & Leonid Kulikov (eds.), The diachronic typology of non-canonical subjects, 257–282. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.140.12holSearch in Google Scholar

Holvoet, Axel & Birutė Spraunienė. 2012. Towards a semantic map of definite adjectives in Baltic. Baltic Linguistics 3. 65–100.10.32798/bl.420Search in Google Scholar

Kalinina, Elena Ju. 1998. Razgraničenie finitnyx i nefinitnyx form glagola v tipologičeskom aspekte [The distinction between finite vs. nonfinite verbal forms in a typological perspective]. Voprosy jazykoznanija 4. 82–110.Search in Google Scholar

Kalinina, Elena Ju. 2001. Nefinitnye skazuemye v nezavisimom predloženii [Nonfinite predicates in independent clauses]. Moscow: Institute of World Literature.Search in Google Scholar

Kalinina, Elena Ju & Nina R. Sumbatova. 2007. Clause structure and verbal forms in Nakh-Daghestanian languages. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 183–249. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kehayov, Petar. 2008. An areal-typological perspective to evidentiality: The cases of the Balkan and Baltic linguistic areas. Tartu: Tartu University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kehayov, Petar, Liina Lindstöm & Miina Norvik. n.d. Finnic participles and participial constructions in typological, intra-genetic and areal perspective. Unpublished ms.Search in Google Scholar

Klimas, Antanas. 1987. The Lithuanian participles: Their system and functions. Lituanus 33. 38–73.Search in Google Scholar

Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 1993. Nominalizations. London & New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 1999. Finiteness. In Keith Brown & Jim Miller (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of grammatical categories, 146–149. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar

Kučinskaitė, Antanė & Kazys Morkūnas. 1964. Retos lietuvių kalbos tariamosios nuosakos formos [Rare forms of subjunctive mood in Lithuanian]. Mokslų akademijos darbai 1(16). 313–318.Search in Google Scholar

Landau, Idan. 2004. The scale of finiteness and the calculus of control. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22(4). 811–877.10.1007/s11049-004-4265-5Search in Google Scholar

Lavine, James E. 1999. Subject properties and ergativity in North Russian and Lithuanian. In Katarzyna Dziwirek, Herbert Coats & Cynthia Vakareliyska (eds.), Formal approaches to Slavic linguistics, vol. 7, 307–328. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Lavine, James E. 2006. Is there a passive evidential strategy in Lithuanian? Papers from the 42nd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 41–55.Search in Google Scholar

Lavine, James E. 2010. Mood and a transitivity restriction in Lithuanian: The case of the inferential evidential. Baltic Linguistics 1. 115–142.10.32798/bl.437Search in Google Scholar

Lehmann, Christian. 1988. Towards a typology of clause linkage. In John Haiman & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Clause combining in grammar and discourse, 181–226. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.18.09lehSearch in Google Scholar

Litvinow, V. P. 1989. Der modus relativus baltischer Sprachen aus typologischer Sicht. Baltistica 35(2). 146–154.Search in Google Scholar

Malchukov, Andrej. 2004. Nominalization/verbalization: Constraining a typology of transcategorial operations. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Meier-Brügger, Michael. 2003. Indo-European linguistics. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110895148Search in Google Scholar

Nau, Nicole. 1998. Latvian. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Nau, Nicole. 2011. A short grammar of Latgalian. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 1995. Some typological parameters of converbs. In Martin Haspelmath & Ekkehard König (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective, 97–136. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110884463-005Search in Google Scholar

Nikolaeva, Irina. 2007a. Introduction. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Nikolaeva, Irina. 2007b. Constructional economy and nonfinite independent clauses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 138–180. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Nikolaeva, Irina. 2013. Unpacking finiteness. In Dunstan Brown, Marina Chumakina & Greville G. Corbett (eds.), Canonical morphology and syntax, 99–122. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604326.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

Pakerys, Jurgis. 2017. On the development of past habitual from iterative in Lithuanian. Baltistica 52(2). 295–323.10.15388/baltistica.52.2.2324Search in Google Scholar

Round, Erich R. 2015. Rhizomorphomes, meromorphomes and metamorphomes. In Matthew Baerman, Dunstan Brown & Greville Corbett (eds.), Understanding and measuring morphological complexity, 29–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723769.003.0003Search in Google Scholar

Sakurai, Eiko. 2008. Combination of past participles functioning as adverbials with main verbs in Lithuanian: Aspect and transitivity. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 59. 81–108.Search in Google Scholar

Schleicher, August. 1856. Handbuch der litauischen Sprache, Bd. I: Grammatik. Prag: J. G. Calve’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Search in Google Scholar

Seržant, Ilja. 2013. Acquisition of canonical subjecthood. In Ilja Seržant & Leonid Kulikov (eds.), The diachronic typology of non-canonical subjects, 283–310. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.140.13serSearch in Google Scholar

Seržant, Ilja. 2015. Dative experiencer constructions as a Circum-Baltic isogloss. In Peter Arkadiev, Axel Holvoet & Björn Wiemer (eds.), Contemporary approaches to Baltic linguistics, 325–348. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110343953-009Search in Google Scholar

Shagal, Ksenia. 2013. Towards a comparative concept of participle. Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Meeting of the Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT 10), Leipzig, August 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Shagal, Ksenia. 2019. Participles: A typological study. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110633382Search in Google Scholar

Spraunienė, Birutė, Auksė Razanovaitė & Erika Jasonytė. 2015. Solving the puzzle of the Lithuanian passive. In Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau (eds.), Voice and argument structure in Baltic, 323–365. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/vargreb.2.07sprSearch in Google Scholar

Stassen, Leon. 1985. Comparison and universal grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Timberlake, Alan. 1982. The impersonal passive in Lithuanian. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 508–524.Search in Google Scholar

Usonienė, Aurelija. 2003. Extension of meaning: Verbs of perception in English and Lithuanian. In Katarzyna Jaszczolt & Ken Turner (eds.), Meaning through language contrast: The Cambridge papers, vol. 1, 193–220. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.99.17usoSearch in Google Scholar

Usonienė, Aurelija & Jolanta Šinkūnienė. 2017. Potential vs. use: Revisiting an evidential participial construction in Lithuanian. In Marín Arrese, Juana Isabel, Gerda Haßler & Marta Carretero (eds.), Evidentiality revisited. Cognitive grammar, functional and discourse-pragmatic perspectives, 171–192. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.271.08usoSearch in Google Scholar

Usonienė, Aurelija & Nigel Vincent. 2018. Non-finiteness, complementation and evidentiality: The Lithuanian Accusativus cum Participio in a cross-linguistic perspective. In Dalila Ayoun, Agnès Celle & Laure Lansari (eds.), Tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality: Crosslinguistic perspectives, 239–260. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.197.11usoSearch in Google Scholar

Wälchli, Bernhard. 2000. Infinite predication as a marker of evidentiality and modality in the languages of the Baltic region. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 53. 186–210.10.1524/stuf.2000.53.2.186Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 1998. Pragmatical inferences at the threshold to grammaticalization: The case of Lithuanian predicative participles and their functions. Linguistica Baltica 7. 229–243.Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2001. Partizipien zwischen Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik: Ein Überblick zu aspektuellen, diathesebezogenen und diskursrelevanten Eigenschaften im modernen Litauischen. In Bernhard Wälchli & Fernando Zúñiga (Hrsg.), Sprachbeschreibung und Typologie, 65–81. Bern: Universität Bern.Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2004. The evolution of passives as grammatical constructions in Northern Slavic and Baltic languages. In Walter Bisang, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Björn Wiemer (eds.), What makes grammaticalization? A look for its fringes and its components, 271–331. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110197440Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2006a. Grammatical evidentiality in Lithuanian (A typological assessment). Baltistica 41(1). 33–49.10.15388/baltistica.41.1.1124Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2006b. Relations between Actor-demoting devices in Lithuanian. In Werner Abraham & Larisa Leisiö (eds.), Passivization and typology: Form and function, 274–309. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.68.16wieSearch in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2016. Taxis in Lithuanian. In Viktor S. Xrakovskij (ed.), Typology of taxis constructions, 135–174. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn & Valgerður Bjarnadóttir. 2014. On the non-canonical marking of the highest-ranking argument in Lithuanian and Icelandic: Steps toward a database. In Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau (eds.), Grammatical relations and their non-canonical encoding in Baltic, 301–361. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/vargreb.1.08wieSearch in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn & Markus Giger. 2005. Resultativa in den nordslavischen und baltischen Sprachen (Bestandsaufnahme unter arealen und grammatikalisierungstheoretischen Gesichtspunkten). Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Wurmbrand, Susi. 2001. Infinitives: Restructuring and clause structure. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Xrakovskij, Viktor S. 2016. Taxis: Semantics, syntax, typology. In Viktor S. Xrakovskij (ed.), Typology of taxis constructions, 3–98. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar

Ylikoski, Jussi. 2003. Defining non-finites: Action nominals, converbs and infinitives. SKY Journal of Linguistics 16. 185–237.Search in Google Scholar

Young, Steven. 1991. The prosodic structure of Lithuanian. New York: University Press of America.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2020-04-09
Published in Print: 2020-04-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 25.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ling-2020-0045/html
Scroll to top button